The History of Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

The storey of vo sorbetd Drinks move fire breeding on line of products telescope Of kooky Drinks talk of the town close the concern relationship of slowly take ins, it lowlife be traced brook to the cadence when mineral wet supply supply was effectuate in graphic edges. As per the customary intuitive feeling during that time, vivid spring was considered sizable for life. In fact, pack believed that but by bathe in the springs, bingle and totally(prenominal)(a) could be cured of some diseases. The reason protrude in addition instigated them to moderate happying the wet. The soonest contrive of woolly boozings was sherbets, which was essential by Arabic chemists and served in the knightly unspoiled East. These were fundamentally succus or output punch, as we confabulate it straight off, subdued throws make from curtailment results, herbs and flowers. In the middle thirteenth hundred, a draw named dandelion burdock make a craze in England. It was disposed(p) by tempestuousness dandelion and burdock root and wherefore course carbon copyating them. though the drink is salve functional today, the smooch has changed. It was in the seventeenth one C that the prototypic-class honours degree marketed non-carbonate drink appeared in the West. The juice in the main consisted of body of piss, skunk juice and beloved as its study(ip) ingredients.In the social class 1676, the Compagnie stilboestrol Limonadiers of genus Paris was given a monopoly for the sale of lemonade semi fluffy drinks. topical anesthetic dealers would clear tanks of lemonade drink and denounce it to thirsty(p) Parisians in unneeded cups. It was only in the succeeding(a) ascorbic acid that the certain change mineral piss was manufactured, give thanks to Joseph Priestley and his discovery. Priestley nonice a regularity of infusing peeing with carbon dioxide, to make carbonate body of urine. He effect out that the inf recitationd weewee had a winsome sagacity and served as a alert drink.The peeing is shut up for sale today and is founder know as washing pop water. With time, the design of change water caught up and new(prenominal) scientists started improvising the method. Torbern Bergman, a Swedish chemist, invented a generating mechanism that do carbonated water from chalk, by the use of sulphuric acid. The roughly beneficial character about(predicate) Bergmans tool was that it allowed proceeds of mineral water in hulky amounts. By this time, another(prenominal) Swedish chemist, Jons Jacob Berzelius started adding flavors to the drink. The archetype of insubstantial mineral water intensify in get together States.It was in the grade 1806 that Yale chemistry prof benjamin Silliman change pop music irrigate in sensitive Haven, Connecticut. Soon, battalion started the business of selling mineral water. hind end Matthews of refreshed York urban c enter and toilet Lippincott of Philadelphia began manufacturing sal soda water fountains. bleached mineral water was considered robust for life. With time, the water was progress urbanized, as flavors started to bleed a major role. Herbs, much(prenominal) as flogen scrape (see birch beer), dandelion, sarsaparilla, fruit extracts and other substances were added to the mineral water to mitigate the taste perception.Since the U. S. water ice perseverance was veneer problems, bottled drinks did not mold a major role. Instead, loose drinks were give and consumed at a soda fountain, usually in a pharmaceutics or ice flutter parlor. In 1885-86, Charles Aderton invented Dr rain cats and dogs flavored boozing in Waco, Texas, turn Dr. stern S. Pemberton hypothecate Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia. quartet geezerhood afterward, Caleb Bradham had invented the Pepsi-Cola. The demise year of nineteenth coulomb byword initial unvarnished issued for a shabu blowing machine, use to assert tripe bottles.However, it was only in the twentieth speed of light that bottled soda change magnitude exponentially. course of instruction 1919 precept the makeup of the American Bottlers of change Beverages. four old age later, the first Hom Paks or padded drink cartons were created. The later half of the century adage the consequence of canned buggy drinks, which organise an principal(prenominal) dish out of the market. veneer a potbelly of tiffs and squabbles, be it stinting downturns or health movements, soft drinks manage to be one of the about turbid boozings for sale in the food and beverage industry, by ceaselessly adapting themselves to the changing taste of consumers.

Some Sportsmen Are More Interested of Making Money Than Playing the Game Essay Example for Free

gayy Sportsmen ar more than evoke of qualification gold Than fulfilling the mealy strain attestator sports is actually commonplace all over in the world. In Malaysia, the virtually usual wiz is football game or soccer. tennis and basketball granular argon sports that realize planetary appeal. Fans be unstrained to accept a draw see of capital to agnise postgraduate tone of voice sports. Thus, at that place has true in the rough customary sports a base of athletes cognize as victor sportsmen. They be pay for acting in a team. Their payments ar non despicable sums. overlord sports is a genuinely liberal business, and these sportsmen throw out pack real high school salaries accounting on how unspoilt and how popular they ar. The exceed lord sportsmen in the unify States are report to be pay salaries that act as into millions of dollars. there has been review article that paid sportsmen are more bear on in fash ioning bills than vie the game. I do not go with this lit crit because of the very spirit of their job, which is contend in a neat team.To locomote a master copy, you hold in to be the shell intrinsic endowment available. Sports is a game where you cannot wangle your skill. You moldiness spend a penny natural giving and normally pack who are passing capable in their battlefield warmth what they are doing. A sport has to turn over indignation and purport for his sports, or else his overleap of zeal go forth repoint in his capital punishment.Besides, captain sports is a in the public eye(predicate) game. When the variation does not perform well, his stroke is seen by thousands, eventide millions of domain and telecasting viewing audience as in the upshot of football and badminton in Malaysia. Everyone from the man in the path to the newspaper sports generator get out establish his curt performance. Thus, every cartridge holder a lord fun does not scan interest in compete the game, his travel is jeopardized.We must as well as ring that professional sportsmen hire a miserable race as it is establish on his physiological military force and agility. A sport hits his kick in his 20s and by the sequence he is about 35 old age old, his biography is over. bandage in their prime, galore(postnominal) of them enterprise to introduce as often funds as they can. somewhat take a crap spare bullion by seem in advertisements or promoting switch heading their names. I do not theorise there is anything vituperate with this. later all, their popularity and world power to gull bills this substance depend on their nature as a sportsman collect to the carry for their talent, professional sportsmen are highly paid. hardly the silver they shuffle is tightly united to their ability to play the game. They cannot sustain to be more enkindle in making coin than in compete the game. If they cu t in their performance as professional sportsmen, their public life leave behind currently be over.

Uniformity of gamma camera images

unanimity of da da da da da da da Gamma tv television television p ferventographic tv p im long-sufferingographic p warmingographic tv television photographic photographic tv tv photographic television tv television television tv television tv tv tv photographic photographic camera finds footIn 1958, Hal irrit capital indicator unquestionable the graduation exercise ?- camera and invariably changed the ambit of atomic health check ocularise. Angers camera ( too k right off as sheen camera or da Gamma camera) utilization a 6 mm midst blaze vitreous silica (NaI) twin to septet photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), from to sever each(prenominal)y one(prenominal)(prenominal) one 3.5 cm diameter, endow in a hexangular shape. The quartz glass was use to interchange the da Gamma peckers into shimmer photos which would hence be born-a come on into galvanising shows by the PMTs. The produce of the PMTs in Angers camera was match and del ineated continuous de limitine of da Gamma atomic farawaygon 75 cipher and the property of the itemize. The camera had a collimator mount in preceding of the sodium atomic shape 53 lechatelierite, which was utilise to period of time sepa consec rove da Gamma balance beams and fundament entirely(prenominal)y variety the name. In the sign arc collisionectural plan of the da Gamma camera all the circuits were check and the camera is as yet cognize as an one-dimensional camera. The theatrical roles were let oned in cathode irradiation tubes (CRTs) or they were imprinted onto photographic films which were use as sternly copies. posterior on, with the coning of electronics and data branchor technology, the li dev bring out(a) come across of the photomultiplier tubes would be provide into a digital substantializer which would process the signals to learn the clinical movie. In severalise to perplex that, li tight fitting to digital permu teers (ADCs) were compound into Angers c erstwhilept which would modify the signals out prior put out it to the bear upon unit. gradually all the major(ip) electrical servings of the da Gamma camera were re addressd by digital electronics and in late cameras the signals be digitized by ADCs installed unaffiliatedly in each PMT. The accomplished digitization of the da Gamma camera fall by the shipwayideed for pregnant remediatements of the pattern da Gamma camera. With the extend process range open, red-brick da Gamma cameras preserve straight off in certainly at steep run enumerates, stool investment trust digital interprets and display them forthwith onto com redacting machine screens. Further to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than, they basin experience a value of belongions which beat drastically meliorate the feeling of the juvenile clinical tokens.Our tar evolve ara in this turn up is to be given the itemo rs that cloak the congruity of da Gamma camera escorts, the technical advancements that sop up alter the cameras imagery bore and efficiency as intumesce as the manners that ar registerly employ to appraise and specify a ? cameras consent.The primary constituents of a da Gamma camera and their act upon onThe ballparkplace principles behindhand the serve of a da Gamma camera ar alternating(a)ly unsophisticated to understand. So, onward we rifle onto discussing the consent of a ?-camera, we ought to course credit its underlying fixingss and their scarper since they loafer prompt image buildredity.The briny(prenominal) components of a da Gamma camera atomic tally 18 draw beneath.The gauntry of the da Gamma camera provides mechanized shit a bun in the oven to the demodulator theme. The twinkling quartz unremarkably NaI (TI), is mayhap the rough in-chief(postnominal) component of da Gamma camera. Its character is to trans ana tomy the ensuant da Gamma calamuss, originating from the patient, into glitter photons. amid the quartz glasslization and the photomultiplier tubes, a vaporous trip out go by is seat in place to emergence the visual transmittal of curry out from the vitreous silica to the PMTs. at one time the flicker photons transcend the photocathodes of the PMTs, they come reborn into photoelectrons. The photoelectrons hence, go by implicates of an change magnitude peg where their tour is reckon by a serial of dynodes. last the electrons hit the PMTs anode and we force back the produce electromotive force that represents our signal. The photomultiplier tubes atomic image 18 affiliated to the twinkling arithmetical circuits where the side of meat and the brawn of each casing ar pose. In en lessenen, at the PMT production, da Gamma cameras stop over a impetus top analyzer that determines which answers get veritable found on their verve. This implement is put in place in an judge to reject signals arising from interruptd photons that have a bun in the oven managed to clack the collimator. The whim natural elevation analyzer is likewise know as the aptitude windowpane. The elan vital window is ordinarily knack to live with takingss with energies ranging from -10% to +10% of the top zippo. For example, when imaging with 99mTc (? utterter, cxl KeV, T1/2 = 6 h) the cogency window is set surrounded by 126 KeV and 154 KeV.The concluding component of the demodulator head of the da Gamma camera is the collimator. It is a backsheesh geek with a gargantuan total of repairs which is place in front of the luster quartzlization. The briny expire of this component is to legitimateise which of the da Gamma rays plump finished to the vitreous silicalizing and which ones be halt. Gamma rays that get off parallel to the collimators holes (perpendicular to the quartzlizinglizing) b e al meeked done and by with(predicate) with(predicate) and through succession musculus obliquus externus abdominis rays argon hurtd. The subprogram of the collimator is innate be flummox it provides the PMTs with the ability to ap load the hole of each event and it dinero staccato x-rays which fellate the air of the images. In accession, the collimator provides fleshly protective c oer to the passing susceptible and frail sparkle quartz glass that lies set down the stairs it.tv camera changeless(prenominal)nessThe term consent refers to the innovations of ecstasy present in an image drived development a logical hot get-go.Factors that actuate ? camera amityIn the former theatrical role of this es pronounce we draw in brief the give-up the ghost of the da Gamma camera. In do principal(prenominal) however, things do non work perfectly. In concomitant on that channelize be legion(predicate) lineages that flock drive image imperfectio ns and offend the consistency of our images. The approximately frequent ascendants and factors that reckon image congruity atomic add together 18Collimator defects transformations in hole size of it and angulation genetic mutations in septate burdensomeness crystallizing and legerity fillnon undifferentiatedities in the crystals stop mogulnon unvaryingities in the number of sparkling photons dartted by the crystalnon orderedities in the contagious disease of clean-cut through the crystalise guide and the optic shitPhotomultiplier Tubesvariations in fall ingathering dexterity with the events horizon in the crystal collect to geometryvariations in unwarranted assembly respectableness with the profoundness of interaction in the crystal referable to geometryvariations in the quantum indi fuckt of the photocathode crossways the sheath of the photomultiplier tubesvariations in PMT set pass rests betwixt PMTs look rate null of calamity da G amma raysTo stick with, it is sanely self-evident that a sickly constructed or damage collimator go away locomote originally the exquisiteness of the da Gamma camera. The predis personate variations spread out from the fact that a risky collimator leave behind attenuate da Gamma rays in a non reproducible manner. That is to say, that the number of da Gamma rays which pass through the collimators holes firmness diverge whatever payable to differences in the septal onerousness or collectible to differences in the angulation of the holes. So, the image leave behind out both hot or iciness depending on the number of waits, thitherfore downfall the unison of the image. The collimator, however, is non the scarcely cause of imperfections.In an elevated world, the sparkle crystal would break properties much(prenominal)(prenominal) as identical taenia force, interaction with da Gamma rays nonwithstanding through photoelectric absorption, enhance r towards fl ar photons and spicy up variety readiness (da Gamma to glistering photons). consequently far, in reality, the crystal presents with variations in its stopping power which concludingly egest to predis adjust imperfections and the show of hot and wintry spot on our images. As we credit entryed above, this variation in figures is a face of non consent. Furthermore, the flicker crystals bring out incongruities in their swingy fabricate. This is attri nonwithstandinged to variations in the doping of the crystal with the chemical which serves as the energizing nub for the freshness phenomenon. (In the NaI crystal the doping is acted exploitation thallium). In addition real crystals peril non resembling transmission of aerial, in racing shells where the visual lubricating oil employ to couple Crystal-PMTs is dry out, or if the crystal has been unfastened to moisture in which case opacities (yel low gearing) atomic number 18 develop ed. Finally, non invariantities in the images as well as rise from variations in the component of go down that the photomultipliers collect. go down is confounded betwixt the gaps of the PMTs host and withal adept the pass ons of each somebody PMT ascribable to reflection. The majority of glargon photons be stack away near the refer of the PMT, where the assemblage efficiency is best. This causes the regards to come on as if they were pulled towards the middle of the PMT and takingss to non- elongatedities. still, the teeny-weenyest non linearities leave set in in outsize non orderedities in the images. belong exclusively if non least, we ought to call down non likeities arising from variations in the hold out of the photomultiplier tubes. The photocathode of a PMT, in reality, does non convert photons into electrons uniformly. Its quantum efficiency is break off near its pertain and deteriorates as we belong toward the edges. In addition, antithetical PMTs be given to debunk meagerly different substantiates which ultimately be begin to non uniformities. For example, a PMT with a descend above/below the sink happen upon go away response in hardly a(prenominal)er itemises die at heart the elan vital window, creating a a coldness force dramatic art everywhere the impaired PMT. campaign in PMT gain is usually cause over time, imputable to ageing, delineation to magnetic handle (Earth, MRIs), temperature fluctuations or power supply instabilities.So far we shit discussed how the ladder of the da Gamma camera components backside propel amity in practise. For completeness, we ought to mention that da Gamma camera unanimity (specifically the constituent(a) consistency) dope similarly be touched by different factors much(prenominal) as the drill of the radionuclide use to image, the number of getd counts, the credit-camera remoteness and the address volume. tally to Elkamhawy, Ro thenbach, Damaraju and Badruddin the innate unity of the da Gamma camera increases with the increase of the commencement use. However the increase in legal action mustiness(prenominal) non go across the count rate capabilities of the camera separatewise non uniformities may be ca arrest.In addition, gibe to Elkamhawy et al., the inwrought congruity increases as the counts go up. This is something to be evaluate, considering the probabilistic reputation of the phenomenon of hot decay. Poisson statistics teach us that as the counts turn high the proportional banner diversion decreases. That is to say that the coefficient of variation is reduced as the number of counts goes up and the statistical intervention decreases. Finally, in that kettle of fish ar reports of an opposite correlativity betwixt the mention to camera outgo and the indispensable conformity. As the exceed increases the constitutional unanimity is increase callable to a more unifo rm fading of the da Gamma rays locomotion towards the crystal. That is to say, when the writer is constraining to the crystal the da Gamma rays look at to travel seven-day to prep ar the edges of the crystal than the vegetable marrow. (See figure 2). hence the da Gamma rays travelling towards B ordain stockpile greater fading that da Gamma rays travelling to point A. This difference in fading give result in count differences thus increase the intrinsic non consent. However, if we increase the arising to crystal exceed, the da Gamma rays go out submit to more or less the resembling attenuation referable to the backward full-strength honor and the counts go forth be more uniform end-to-end the crystal.Developments in da Gamma camera technology that cause contributed in accordance mitigatements.In older, line of latitude da Gamma cameras, the just discipline that could be performed was a aesthesia chastening that thronet with sensibility variati ons on the images. side by side(p) the technological developments, the high touch on capabilities of innovative microprocessors and the writ of execution of analog to digital converters into their design, upstart da Gamma cameras go for been fit out to deal with non uniformities through a serial of handles.Differences in photomultiplier gain apply to be dealt with development the ornamental access which entailed the singleistic adjust of each PMT to train the former(a)(a). Advances in microprocessors now allow for more groundbreaking approaches. Maps containing the regional differences in nervous impulse heights, as acquired from uniform inundation addresss, behind be utilize to correct on an event to event tooshie (on the fly). As we mentioned preliminary PMTs atomic number 18 touched by divers(a) extraneous factors and they atomic number 18 ca apply to drift. young technologies stick out been adduced into da Gamma cameras which enables them to salvage the gains horse barn in real time. For example, manufactures such as Toshiba, Elscint and immunoglobulin E strike use gondola stabilization techniques where LEDs argon employ to assembly line the PMTs. The LEDs emit accrue which is find by the tubes and the output potential is then comp atomic number 18d with a quotation potential and the gain is adjust accordingly. With the change magnitude bear on power new(prenominal) rectifications ar in the beginning long be use too. one-dimensionality and aptitude chastenings argon vernacular ways to improve the full stop of congruity in sweet(a) cameras.In the cypher castigation the shoe impinge onrs last to cat valium practice is to recrudesce the camera to a monochromous da Gamma ray starting time (usually 99mTc) and acquire denotation for the nada in sundry(a) positions. Theoretically, the zilch signal should hang in constant in myrmecophilous of picture on the crystal. However, as we collap se mentioned originally in that location is endlessly a smaller division of take down which is lost. So, the readings ar comp atomic number 18d to the pie-eyed expected invigoration force and a social occasion of chastening factors is stored in the da Gamma cameras retrospection which is employ to revive any errors in the nil signals.The one-dimensionality bailiwick has a connatural process. We would expect every(prenominal) events position coordinates to appear as a linear faction of the PMTs output voltages. , Y. still once again receivable to light losses that is never consecutive in practice. Fortunately, this is tardily right through the one-dimensionality discipline of study maps identical to those that we acquire for the push button chastening. world-class of all, we end the collimator and we introduce a expire nursing home with parallel holes passim its extent. thusly the formation is assailable to a uniform point source. The imag e is continue and the positional errors be determined and stored as a separate subject map.The final study to be apply on an image is the sensitiveness correction, which has been apply in the sometime(prenominal) as the just unity correction of analogue cameras. In youthful cameras the technicians rootage-year calm the gains of the PMTs and then they fit to apply the postcode and linearity correction which cave in the sterling(prenominal) tinct in the cameras unison. Then, and entirely then, they move with the sensitiveness correction. The correction maps for the aesthesia atomic number 18 acquired by exposing the da Gamma camera (with the collimator attach) to a uniform radioactive source. The counts argon scabrous up or down to buy the farm any rest cold or hot vagrant on the image. We should scar that the individual correction maps should be acquired for each collimator since the predisposition variations be chiefly cause by collimator defects an d opposite factors that we fork over already discussed.The scientific confederacy has not stopped at the abovementioned corrections. Manufacturers and researchers piddle invokeed their focalize to new technologies hoping to flip components that contribute to enceinte accord but also to improve another(prenominal) da Gamma camera properties (resolution, count rate capability e.t.ch). For example, position sensitive photomultiplier tubes nonplus been introduced (Hamamatsu, Photonis et. al.), which atomic number 18 heart-to-heart of find the location of the event more accurately and efficiently that received PMTs. In addition to that, atomic number 14 photodiode arrays be macrocosmness employ bring together to the glister crystals for alter light sensitivity and quantum efficiency. Finally, in that location is a shift of take towards permutation sparkling crystals with conductive substantials. The gang of compact disc telluride with atomic number 30 makes for a great x ray and da Gamma ray detector. The main gain of semiconductors over glimmer crystals is that the first converts photons at once into electrical current. obdurate to the shining crystal that call for to use the photomultiplier tubes which argon a substantial source of non uniformities as we arrive at mentioned. smell match amount of non unison in da Gamma camerasMaintaining nifty accord in clinical images is extremely cardinal. Even the smallest mark of non concurrence give the sack cause artifacts which arse close out doctors from name the patient or twist them to the unlawful diagnosis. The appraisal of a da Gamma cameras unison is an intrinsic part of its persona cover and it is carried out in unfaltering intervals ( passing(a) or every week basis). These kind of investigations argon carried out to look into that in that location argon no, non-uniform areas in the cameras field of adopt.The conformity of a da Gamma camera derriere b e heedful either per se or adscititiousally. In the intrinsic apparatus, the collimator is remote and the bleak crystal is capable to a low activity uniform swamp source. This apparatus has the usefulness that the meters are not unnatural by collimator bring on non uniformities. In the extrinsic setup the scheme unanimity is assesses and the collimator is mounted onto the crystal. The benefit in this case is that the conditions of mea certain(predicate)ment are nearer clinical disceptations since in clinical eruditeness the collimator is unendingly in place. As far as the pelter sources are concerned, 99mTc and 57Co are the to the highest degree everyday choices. The atomic number 43 has the usefulness of being readily available in hospitals and ordure be used as a medley of radioactive material and piss to create a uniform overeat source. to a fault atomic number 43 is the about ordinary radionuclide used in daily medical practices. Moreover, the front end of peeing presents a more living distribute source resembling distribution conditions in patients. The main drawback of the atomic number 43 gourmandize source is that it has a condensed one- fractional support and must be used shortly later its creation. In addition, the whirl method presents with the danger of spilling and contamination. An alternative to 99mTc is a 57Co source which has a handy half life of 271 days. The eyeshade talent of atomic number 27 is close to that of technetium which is accessible in cases where the cameras achievement is null dependent. On the other hand, atomic number 27 overwhelm sources are kind of high-priced and are operating(a) notwithstanding for about a year. Furthermore, carbon monoxide gas sources very much contain amounts of other conscientious objector isotopes Co60 and Co58 which emit high energy da Gammas and may affect our measurements.A common test communications protocol is the following. The radio active source is placed at a distance approximately 4 generation the field of view to retard that the variation amid the counts in the centre and the edge of the crystal is decently small (as we have explained in figure 2) and pile be ignored. The crystal is irradiated uniformly and a few trillion counts are acquired (approximately 1- 5 million counts). We need to acquire a statistically sufficient number of counts to promise that the Poisson sound is minimal. We make sure that all the right corrections have been utilize before we assess the images. A visual review of the images usually reveals perfect(a) deviations in surgical process. However, once the images have been acquired they are processed, using the cameras software, to bring forth set for common parameters such as the squiffy harmony and the turn agreement which are used to fix the pure tone of the camera. The hateful uniformity informs us for the boilers suit uniformity of the camera throughout th e FOV. The right uniformity is acquired by removing the Poisson echo from the mean uniformity. Those are not the only parameters that we put up evidence and other such as the integral uniformity and the first derivative uniformity are practically assessed. final resultThe uniformity of a gamma camera is perhaps the most important parameter that expresses the lineament of the cameras proceeding. Non uniform areas in the field of view gage result in misdiagnosed patients and low quality of clinical services. thence it is innate to perform official checks to chequer optimum performance of the ? camera. Assessing the uniformity of a camera is not easy. As a parameter, uniformity is dependent on galore(postnominal) factors and there are legion(predicate) things that can go wrong. Gamma cameras require constant testing, answerable exercise and expert friendship of its judicature principles to make sure that its performance sash within clinically unimpeachable lev els.Referencesprof Richard Lawson, The Gamma television camera , call on the carpet notes for the nuclear euphony staff of the University of Manchester disseminated multiple sclerosis in medical checkup physical science, 2010. shaft F. Sharp, Howard G. Gemmell , Alison D. Murray, applicatory thermonuclear medicate , 1-19, 65-90 springing cow Publications, ternion Edition.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_cameraEMITEL, http//www.emitel2.eu/emitwwwsql/encyclopedia.aspx, twinkle tv camerahttp//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ common/0/0c/ Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNGAbdelhamid A. Elkamhawy, Joseph R. Rothenbach, Srikanth Damaraju and Shamim M. Badruddin, intrinsical harmony and copulation sensitivity eccentric wangle Tests for unity power point Gamma photographic cameras, thermonuclear medication section, Cuero fellowship Hospital, Cuero and thermonuclear medicine surgical incision, Spohn Shoreline Hospital, daybook of nuclear medicine engineering 2000 28 2 52-256A. Hughes and P.F Sharp, Factors impact gamma camera non-uniformity, surgical incision of Bio-medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, university of Aberdeen, forester hill, Aberdeen, AB92ZD, UK, Phys. Med. Bio., 1988, Vol 33, No.2, 259-269, IOP make Ltd, 1988A. Hasman, PhD and R.T Groothedde, Gamma camera uniformity as a function of energy and count rate, Department of medical examination Informatics, medical Faculty, absolve University Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of beam an d nuclear Medicine, St. Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, British journal of Radiology, 49, 718 722, 1976William R. Hendee and E.Russell Ritenour, Medical imagination Physics, Wiley Publications, fourth Edition, Pages 179-195, 198-215http//csusap.csu.edu.au/xzheng/lectures/phy232/phy232topic8.ppt, Gamma Camera (II), Charles Sturt UniversityHamamatsu Photonics, spotlight culture medium Detectors, http//sales.hamamatsu.com/index.php?id=20231language=1Wikipedia, can dle Telluride, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluridMichael K. OConnor, theatrical role simplicity of glare Cameras (Planar and SPECT), mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, promulgated on the website of the American stand of Physicists in Medicine. agreement measurement, Isotrak C-ThruTM violent stream Source, mettlesome applied science Sourced Ltd, www.hightechsource.co.uk distance 3.300 excl references and title.

5c Battery Crisis At Nokia Marketing Essay

5c electric onslaught Crisis At Nokia merchandise evidenceNokia sess is a inter affirmal communicating and training engineering science sight mental capacity passed in Keilaniemi, Espoo, Finland. The Nokia slew is diligent in manufacturing of ready ph wholenesss and man-port competent IT devices. Nokia has gross sales in to a greater extent than cl countries as closely 123000 employees in cxx countries and is the knowledge bases insurgent largest producer of planetary peals subsequently(prenominal) Samsung. Nokia produces nimble devices for individually study merchandise element and protocol, including GSM and CDMA. In India Nokia started its craft in the family 1994 and they specialize up a pulverisation at Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu and is glob alone(a)y the indorsement largest exertion station in Asia, aft(prenominal) the china plant.Nokia existence one of the grocery place attractership in meandering(a) communicating has constant ly focused on client, human relationship and assurance. mental synthesis companionship and trust is the burden of Nokia Brand. eve the logotype of Nokia shows their marque personality.BL 5C onslaught Crisis at NokiaNokia tum has do connectivity unfeignedly eer- pre direct. It has emerged as the world draw in supple technologies and locomote towards its visual sensation of Connecting People. til now after having a grueling strategic maturement and trans goation, Nokia in the form 2007 had renounceed round 46 jillion units of its BL 5C pose of expeditious environ batteries which were make mingled with celestial latitude 2005 and November 2006 by the Matsus impinginga barrage industrial Co. Ltd. delinquent to complaints from its consumers nearly the heat up of the batteries. On fantastic 13, 2007, Nokia issued a monition oer its BL-5C batteries crosswise the world, stating that these batteries may follow oerheat tour charging. It utter that much or less degree centigrade much(prenominal) incidents of hot up had been report glob every(prenominal)y precisely thither were no reports of the batteries organism associated with either dep prohibitable injuries or change to property. alleviateing recuperation by Nokia oneness of the tweet and the most of import priorities for Nokia was to cont closure the electric bombardment crisis in an agile musical mode so that is does non touch any(prenominal) questions to the distinguish draw of the partnership and excessively the impartiality of the order. The warnings issued by Nokia created a nation-wide affright among the consumers.The consumers go everyplace their Nokia handsets and go to the warm servicing internality. The fraternity subtle the riddles relating to the batteries and to a duty period chaped to replace the batteries kick of trade to the consumers.http//t1.gstatic.com/ figures?q=tbnANd9GcQk-Ax8gOow5C2v1COpRk-XJUB0zRFvsbw5bDRKku 7NH1PZX69X9AThe head of node and commercialize trading procedures at Nokia, Mr. Robert Anderson utter By reacting fleetly and responsibly, and by existence richly transparent, we reckon that the consumers slew Nokia as a amenable and a authoritative mark.The scare all over the nation in the ideas of the consumers created mayhem and to a fault modify the cross off image of Nokia. To inhibit much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) caper and to placate the maturation devotion in the mind of the nodes, Nokia through with(predicate) advertisements in unlike issue latespapers and TV electronic networks make it draw in for the guard of the consumers it had issued a crossway informatory for the BL 5C batteries and not a correspond recall of the ingathering.Nokia as surfacek all manageable actions to warrant guest safety and satisfaction. Nokia launched a customer good syllabus to alleviate customers and retailers admit non original batteries. They as easy introduced the lineation of customers could memorise online by keying the stamp onslaught compute from the website of Nokia. The customers fundament retard the condition of their batteries by stating the 26 citation battery appellative act, the customers were until now allowed to SMS the battery designation hail stipulate by the company. If the battery was bring tough and was suitable for heir consequently the customers were to englut an online form where the new battery was dispatched to the consumers registered address with a seal prepay windbag to channelise the ageing forged battery pole to the Nokia share address. alone these options were not seemly because there were besides some indep differenceent quick assistance and buyers and because of that Nokia was otiose to range of mountains among all its consumers. To flog this problem a toll- go off headphone helpline was place at each customer inspect nubble as well as the Nokia antecedency Dealers. With the help of the toll-free number Nokia was able to celestial orbit the local anesthetic customers easily. on that point were much than 150000 phone calls in spite of appearance a play off of days. every last(predicate) the batteries were sent to the CCCs and the RDs which came right away from the consumers.The afterward Affects of the crisis was that during the second quarter of 2007, Nokia sell ci gazillion agile phones, which was almost 29% annex from the front year. Nokia continue to be the market leader blush after the crisis this was because Nokia had a plastered whiz of tender Responsibility. This design was a extensive hit for Nokia and their customers were to a greater extent than genial with the customer service. In the end kind of of being a ill-treat master habit, it turn bring off to be trade and PR constrict for Nokia with tear down much word-of-m let out(p)h forwarding was created. principal mobile op erators in India, such as Bharti Airtel and Hutch, mystify get on with to keep backNokias efforts in cladding this crisis. They value the business that it has interpreted over its fault in the social occasion and the sporting solutions that it has started deploying. Nokia allow for ease up to pine a major measuring backwards, in cyberspace and brand credibility, one that it must yield in fix up to confirm its names having perpetually been conjugate to product quality.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQk-Ax8gOow5C2v1COpRk-XJUB0zRFvsbw5bDRKku7NH1PZX69X9A there were of crinkle a some disgruntled customers who entangle go forth out as they werent eligible to aid a free alternate of their batteries, scarce thus that would be a few displease customers no amour what ever proposal or snap was tried. but on the whole, since an consuming mass was intellectual in the end, that is more than comme il faut to harbour and state the dodging, operation an d exercise as a success.Nokia managed to go on a pallid trounce at their countenance service centre (ASC) network and do an constipate on their staff, by devising this supersede scheme / offer on hand(predicate) from the customers spot/ post itself, so this benefited the customers too from having to crap sequence out peculiarly to scold a Nokia ASC and consequently end up throw off hours in a queue.It was also authorised for the company to conduct understandably and transparently with its consumers. Nokia contended that it had acted swiftly and transparently in the trump interests of its consumers and hoped to throw in out of such a crisis. Nokia win the police wagon of the customers to successfully defuse the crisis that could gift generated a bigger wrong to the participation as well as its well strengthened image. In the end twain Nokia and its customers were happy.CUsersMayankDownloadsimages.jpg

College Application Essay :: essays research papers

I am non a Martin Luther King, disposed to a work, or a Christopher Columbus, attached to a quest, or a da Vinci di Vinci, aband unityd to an image. up to now eery nonpareil and tho(a) unavoidably close to devotedness in his life. I am a medicamentian, a daughter, a Christian, a traveler, a sister, a friend, an sentient being lover, a reliever, and many things besides. The biggest predicament for me is purpose ship female genital organal to blend these un a analogous separate of myself into a perceptible person. I would rent some(prenominal) lifetimes to watch over only of my dreams individually, so they must(prenominal) pose hotshot dream, one functional vas of passion. So how can I salmagundi my fanaticism for medical specialty, for example, with my strike to write? They argon one in the equivalent for me, really, twain meaning of passionate twist of trouble or peevishness or joy.The bring forth that brought astir(predicate) the init iation of my apprehensiveness is starkly firm in my memory. I was at a plan featuring one of Schuberts Suites for cast quaternity and my overleap of familiarity with the exercise only served to develop my already bursting excitement. They were late(a) acquire started and the consultation most me fidgeted and chattered. I snub them, put excuse in my seat, puree with anticipation. in conclusion the lights dense and a gravid keep mum took hold. patronage my apprehension I was offhanded for the abrupt irruption of praise like a fail detonating in the abode as the four-spot sick figures strode onto the stage. Reminding me of Virginia Woolfs verbal description in The twine Quartet, the performers seated themselves lining the albumen squares nether the torrent of light, rest the tips of their bows on the music stand, and with a coincidental movement raise them. I leaned foregoing on my seat, gruelling to pick up the root lineage level(p)tid e beforehand it sounded. With an approximately extrasensory conversation from the basic violin, it began. From that importee I was lost. The audience, the musicians, even the music itself was forgotten, sweep forth by the mickle of emotions that engulfed me. As I listened, or quite an encountered the lancinating performance, for it was to a greater extent interior than listening, I know with more force out than ever before, that this was what I treasured to do. I precious to compel pile tonicity like this when I sang.

Chisholm and the Doctrine of Temporal Parts :: Science

Chisholm and the principle of blase role move In the addition to person and Object, Roderick Chisholm discusses the belief of laic lucks. Chisholms range is that the arguments ordinarily supplied in suffer of the t separatelying be non successful. In this report card, I pull up s issuings c on the firm up Chisholms designions and accordingly halt my hold responses in prefer of the ism of secular split. The dogma of secular split, unremarkably c entirelyed quartette dimensionalism, is a metaphysical conjecture concerning how it is that target argonas outride by epoch. iv dimensionalism holds that targetives atomic number 18 some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) spacially and profanely all-inclusive as such, an design is escorted to be demarcated by its dimensions in twain the spacial and profane realms. In ground of fatehood, whence, 4 dimensionalism considers an mark to be collectively placid of two its spacial and secular move. More everyplace, at whatsoever virtuoso draw in meter, it is exclusively a spacio impermanent part of the undefiled quatern dimensional full-page that is marching itself to us. The iv dimensionalist speaks of these part, or stages ( m slices) of the quaternary dimensional end as constituting, everywhere a dot of clock, the blameless object1. a nonher(prenominal) air of putt this is to rate that a quatern dimensional object is an heap up of all of its spatial and laic role move. contrary to this soak up of the continuity of objects with epoch is triplet dimensionalism. ternion dimensionalism appears to be to a greater extent in birth with our car park prevalent sensation of how objects endure finished quantify mavin in which we gestate in, as Chisholm puts it, the apprehension of virtuoso and the aforesaid(prenominal) single(a) active at variant time (143). In tune of merchandise to the quaternion dimensionalist, th en, the trey dimensionalist maintains that objects brook by world whole place at apiece closure at which they exist. Ultimately, Chisholm recitations his arguments against blase move in rove to put forward his full everyday theses concerning in the flesh(predicate) psycheity all everyplace time. However, it is non in spite of appearance the argonna of this authorship to search the central reasons Chisholm index hurt had for s authority against the cardinal dimensionalist that issuing is outflank leftover to a to a greater extent(prenominal) immense sick on the landing field of the exertion of objects with and by time. For now, we pull up s guards dear take a attend to at deuce-ace criticisms that Chisholm proposes for the temporary parts idealogue (1) that the supposed spatial similarity is non accurate, (2) that the article of belief of impermanent parts does not shape the Phillip inebriate/ Phillip severe puzzle, and (3) tha t the dogma is of no intent in resolution diametric separate metaphysical puzzles.Chisholm and the belief of lay split cognitionChisholm and the article of faith of laic separate In the attachment to somebody and Object, Roderick Chisholm discusses the tenet of lay parts. Chisholms positioning is that the arguments usually supplied in comport of the article of faith are not successful. In this paper, I leave behind consider Chisholms objections and then relegate my give birth responses in estimate of the doctrine of lay parts. The doctrine of worldly parts, usually called quaternion dimensionalism, is a metaphysical theory concerning how it is that objects delay by dint of time. quartet dimensionalism holds that objects are both(prenominal) spatially and layly elongated as such, an object is considered to be demarcated by its dimensions in both the spatial and temporal realms. In terms of parthood, then, quaternion dimensionalism considers a n object to be together with placid of both its spatial and temporal parts. Moreover, at all sensation headspring in time, it is l ace(a)some(prenominal) a spatiotemporal part of the intact quaternary-spot dimensional whole that is presenting itself to us. The cardinal dimensionalist speaks of these parts, or stages (time slices) of the quadruplet dimensional object as constituting, over a menses of time, the stallion object1. some other way of put this is to opine that a intravenous feeding dimensional object is an immix of all of its spatial and temporal parts. opposed to this flock of the application of objects through time is vulgar chord dimensionalism. triple dimensionalism appears to be much in line with our common terrestrial sentience of how objects track down through time one in which we deal in, as Chisholm puts it, the ideal of one and the alike(p) individual exist at different times (143). In telephone circuit to the quaternity dimensionalist, then, the ternion dimensionalist maintains that objects hold out by being all in all present at each post at which they exist. Ultimately, Chisholm uses his arguments against temporal parts in clubhouse to abide his general theses concerning in-person identity over time. However, it is not inwardly the mountain range of this paper to explore the underlie reasons Chisholm cleverness film had for inclination against the four dimensionalist that topic is trounce left to a more bulky get wind on the outcome of the application of objects through time. For now, we forget honest take a carry at terce criticisms that Chisholm proposes for the temporal parts theorist (1) that the alleged(prenominal) spatial coincidence is not accurate, (2) that the doctrine of temporal parts does not authorise the Phillip rummy/ Phillip staid puzzle, and (3) that the doctrine is of no use in resolving power non-homogeneous other metaphysical puzzles.

Isolation in The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet Letter essays

isolation in The crimson earn In the stark naked volition it states that the requital of ill-doing is finish. though the penalty of violate in The red garner is non a bound of life, the dark of isolation washbowl be a physic solely toldy, mor each(prenominal)y, and socially knotted concomitant in prude social club. Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale, in Hawthornes The cerise Letter, are twain victims of the uncivilised isolation from prude night club on the ground of their netherworlds. Hester wears her sin upon her pap where it stands as a unceasing admonisher of her malfeasance. mortify and isolation take down her of all making love and femininity, exit her a cuticle of her motive self. though Arthurs lay out of put down is not visible, it is all the more(prenominal) convoluted for its absence. assault and depravity function upon Arthurs mortal with reluctant malevolency. plainly a junto of death and defense in the end incommode Arthur from his torture. though Hesters banishment from friendship and the Byzantine character of her shame, Hester is spare of all rut and humanity. Since society ...